# 1 . implementation of various filtering techniques

import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

input_image_path = "Pictures/dog.png"
img = cv2.imread(input_image_path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)

kernel_size = 5

kernel = np.ones((kernel_size, kernel_size), np.float32) / (kernel_size ** 2)

filtered_image = cv2.filter2D(img, -1, kernel)


plt.subplot(1, 3, 1)
plt.imshow(img)
plt.title("non grayscale Image")
plt.axis("off")

plt.subplot(1, 3, 2)
plt.imshow(filtered_image, cmap="gray")
plt.title("Filtered Image")
plt.axis("off")

plt.subplot(1, 3, 3)
plt.imshow(img, cmap="gray")
plt.title("original Image")
plt.axis("off")

plt.show()

# 2 . Implementation of histogram

# Import necessary libraries
import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Read an image in grayscale
input_image_path = "Pictures/dog.png"  # Replace with the path to your image
img = cv2.imread(input_image_path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)

# Check if the image loaded correctly
if img is None:
    print("Error: Could not load the image. Please check the path.")
else:
    # Apply histogram equalization
    equ = cv2.equalizeHist(img)

    # Stack images side-by-side for comparison
    res = np.hstack((img, equ))

    # Display the result using matplotlib
    plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
    plt.imshow(res,cmap='gray')
    plt.title("Original Image (Left) vs Histogram Equalized Image (Right)")
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.show()

# 3 . implementation of various segmentation algorithms

import cv2
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# Load the image in grayscale
image = cv2.imread("Pictures/dog.png", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)

# Display the original image
plt.figure()
plt.imshow(image, cmap='gray')
plt.title("Original Image")
plt.axis("off")  # Hide axis
plt.show()

# Apply Otsu's thresholding and display the segmented image
otsu = cv2.threshold(image, 0, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY + cv2.THRESH_OTSU)[1]
plt.figure()
plt.imshow(otsu, cmap='gray')
plt.title("Image Segmentation with Otsu Thresholding")
plt.axis("off")  # Hide axis
plt.show()

# 4 . program to implement object labelling

# Import necessary libraries
import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def detect_and_label_objects(image_path, color_ranges, labels):
    # Load the image and check if it's loaded correctly
    image = cv2.imread(image_path)
    if image is None:
        print("Error: Could not load the image. Check the file path.")
        return
    
    # Convert the image to HSV color space
    hsv = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)

    # Loop through each color range and corresponding label
    for i, (lower, upper) in enumerate(color_ranges):
        # Create a mask for the current color
        mask = cv2.inRange(hsv, np.array(lower), np.array(upper))

        # Find contours in the mask
        contours, _ = cv2.findContours(mask, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)

        # Draw bounding box and label for each detected contour
        for contour in contours:
            x, y, w, h = cv2.boundingRect(contour)
            cv2.rectangle(image, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), (0, 255, 0), 2)
            cv2.putText(image, labels[i], (x, y - 10), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.5, (0, 255, 0), 2)

    # Convert BGR to RGB for matplotlib and display the result
    plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
    plt.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.show()

# Example usage with color ranges and labels
color_ranges = [
    [(0, 100, 100), (10, 255, 255)],    # Red range in HSV
    [(25, 100, 100), (35, 255, 255)],   # Yellow range in HSV
    [(100, 100, 100), (120, 255, 255)]  # Blue range in HSV
]
labels = ["Red", "Yellow", "Blue"]

# Run the function with the image file path
detect_and_label_objects("D:\linkedin profile pic 2.jpg", color_ranges, labels)

# 5 . implementation of face recognition system

# Import necessary libraries
import cv2
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Load the pre-trained Haar Cascade for face detection
face_cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier(cv2.data.haarcascades + 'haarcascade_frontalface_default.xml')

# Load the image
image = cv2.imread('Pictures/211421243033.png')
if image is None:
    print("Error: Image file not found.")
else:
    # Convert the image to grayscale
    gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

    # Detect faces
    faces = face_cascade.detectMultiScale(gray, 1.1, 4)

    # Draw bounding boxes around faces
    for (x, y, w, h) in faces:
        cv2.rectangle(image, (x, y), (x+w, y+h), (0, 255, 0), 2)

    # Convert BGR to RGB for matplotlib and display the image
    plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
    plt.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.show()

# 6 . License Plate identification

import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def detect_license_plate(image_path):
    # Load the image
    image = cv2.imread(image_path)

    # Convert to grayscale
    gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

    # Use Haar cascades for license plate detection
    plate_cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier(cv2.data.haarcascades + 'haarcascade_russian_plate_number.xml')

    # Detect license plates
    plates = plate_cascade.detectMultiScale(gray, scaleFactor=1.1, minNeighbors=5)

    # Draw rectangles around detected license plates
    for (x, y, w, h) in plates:
        cv2.rectangle(image, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), (0, 255, 0), 2)

    # Convert BGR image to RGB
    image_rgb = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)

    # Display the result using Matplotlib
    plt.imshow(image_rgb)
    plt.axis('off')  # Hide axis
    plt.title("License Plate identification")
    plt.show()

# Example usage
detect_license_plate("Pictures/car1.png")

# 7 . implementation of medical images

import cv2
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def main():
    # Load image in grayscale
    image = cv2.imread("Pictures/211421243033.png", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)

    # Apply Gaussian blur and Otsu's thresholding
    blurred = cv2.GaussianBlur(image, (5, 5), 0)
    _, thresholded = cv2.threshold(blurred, 0, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY + cv2.THRESH_OTSU)

    # Find and draw contours
    contours, _ = cv2.findContours(thresholded, cv2.RETR_TREE, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
    contoured_image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
    cv2.drawContours(contoured_image, contours, -1, (0, 255, 0), 2)

    # Display images
    titles = ["Original", "Blurred", "Thresholded", "Contours"]
    images = [image, blurred, thresholded, contoured_image]
    for i, img in enumerate(images):
        plt.subplot(1, 4, i + 1)
        plt.imshow(img, cmap='gray')
        plt.title(titles[i])
        plt.axis("off")
    plt.show()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

# 8 . EDGE DETECTION, CORNER DETECTION, LINE DETECTION.

import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Load image in grayscale
image_path = "Pictures/car1.png"
image = cv2.imread(image_path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
if image is None:
    print("Error: Could not load image.")
else:
    # Edge Detection
    edges = cv2.Canny(image, 50, 150)

    # Corner Detection
    corners = cv2.goodFeaturesToTrack(image, 25, 0.01, 10)
    if corners is not None:
        for x, y in np.int0(corners).reshape(-1, 2):
            cv2.circle(image, (x, y), 3, 255, -1)

    # Line Detection
    lines = cv2.HoughLines(edges, 1, np.pi / 180, 200)
    if lines is not None:
        for rho, theta in lines[:, 0]:
            a, b = np.cos(theta), np.sin(theta)
            x0, y0 = a * rho, b * rho
            x1, y1 = int(x0 + 1000 * (-b)), int(y0 + 1000 * (a))
            x2, y2 = int(x0 - 1000 * (-b)), int(y0 - 1000 * (a))
            cv2.line(image, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (0, 0, 255), 2)

    # Display Results
    plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
    plt.subplot(1, 3, 1), plt.imshow(edges, cmap='gray'), plt.title('Edges')
    plt.subplot(1, 3, 2), plt.imshow(image, cmap='gray'), plt.title('Corners & Lines')
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.show()

C:\Users\ADMIN\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_25496\1550177994.py:17: DeprecationWarning: `np.int0` is a deprecated alias for `np.intp`.  (Deprecated NumPy 1.24)
  for x, y in np.int0(corners).reshape(-1, 2):

# 9 . Face recognition using color model representation

import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def display_image(image, title="Image"):
    """Helper function to display an image in Jupyter Notebook."""
    plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
    plt.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
    plt.title(title)
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.show()

def detect_face_using_skin_color(image_path):
    # Load the image
    image = cv2.imread(image_path)
    if image is None:
        print("Error: Could not load the image.")
        return

    # Convert the image to the HSV color model
    hsv_image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)

    # Define skin color range in HSV
    lower_skin = np.array([0, 20, 70], dtype=np.uint8)
    upper_skin = np.array([20, 255, 255], dtype=np.uint8)

    # Create a binary mask where skin colors are within the range
    mask = cv2.inRange(hsv_image, lower_skin, upper_skin)

    # Apply the mask to the original image to get only skin regions
    skin_region = cv2.bitwise_and(image, image, mask=mask)

    # Display the original image and skin-detected region
    display_image(image, title="Original Image")
    display_image(skin_region, title="Skin Detected Region")

def recognize_faces_opencv(image_path):
    # Load the pre-trained face detector
    face_cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier(cv2.data.haarcascades + 'haarcascade_frontalface_default.xml')

    # Load the image
    image = cv2.imread(image_path)
    if image is None:
        print("Error: Could not load the image.")
        return
    gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

    # Detect faces
    faces = face_cascade.detectMultiScale(gray, scaleFactor=1.1, minNeighbors=5, minSize=(30, 30))

    # Draw bounding boxes around detected faces
    for (x, y, w, h) in faces:
        cv2.rectangle(image, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), (0, 255, 0), 2)

    # Display the result
    display_image(image, title="Detected Faces")

# Example usage
image_path = "D:/linkedin profile pic 2.jpg"  # Replace with your image path
detect_face_using_skin_color(image_path)
recognize_faces_opencv(image_path)

# 10 . AUTHORIZED FACE RECOGNITION SYSTEM USING FEATURE MATCHING.|

import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

def show_image(image):
    plt.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
    plt.title("matches")
    plt.axis("off")
    plt.show()

def face_recognition(ref_path, test_path, threshold=50):
    ref_img = cv2.imread(ref_path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
    test_img = cv2.imread(test_path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)

    if ref_img is None or test_img is None:
        print("Error loading images.")
        return False

    # Feature detection
    orb = cv2.ORB_create()
    kp_ref, des_ref = orb.detectAndCompute(ref_img, None)
    kp_test, des_test = orb.detectAndCompute(test_img, None)

    # Matching features
    matches = cv2.BFMatcher(cv2.NORM_HAMMING, crossCheck=True).match(des_ref, des_test)

    # Draw matches
    match_img = cv2.drawMatches(ref_img, kp_ref, test_img, kp_test, matches[:20], None)
    show_image(match_img)

    return len(matches) >= threshold

# Example usage
result = face_recognition("Pictures/211421243033.png", "D:/linkedin profile pic 2.jpg")
print("Access Granted!" if result else "Access Denied!")

Access Granted!

# 11 . IDENTIFYING THE STEREO CORRESPONDENCE OF THE TWO IMAGES

# 12 . HUMAN POSE ESTIMATION

import cv2
import mediapipe as mp
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import os

# Initialize MediaPipe Pose model
mp_pose = mp.solutions.pose
pose = mp_pose.Pose()
mp_drawing = mp.solutions.drawing_utils

def display_image_with_pose(image_path):
    # Load the image
    image = cv2.imread(image_path)
    if image is None:
        print("Error: Could not load image. Check the file path.")
        return

    # Convert the image to RGB (MediaPipe expects RGB input)
    rgb_image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)

    # Perform pose detection
    results = pose.process(rgb_image)

    # Draw pose landmarks on the original image
    if results.pose_landmarks:
        mp_drawing.draw_landmarks(image, results.pose_landmarks, mp_pose.POSE_CONNECTIONS)

    # Display the image with detected pose
    plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
    plt.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.title("Pose Estimation")
    plt.show()
    image_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(image_path))[0]
    print(f"The pose estimated is '{image_name}'")

# Example usage
image_path = "Pictures/running.png"  # Replace with the path to your image file
display_image_with_pose(image_path)

C:\Users\ADMIN\ANACONDA\anaconda3\Lib\site-packages\google\protobuf\symbol_database.py:55: UserWarning: SymbolDatabase.GetPrototype() is deprecated. Please use message_factory.GetMessageClass() instead. SymbolDatabase.GetPrototype() will be removed soon.
  warnings.warn('SymbolDatabase.GetPrototype() is deprecated. Please '

The pose estimated is 'running'

# 13 . abnormal detection in traffic video surveillance

import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def display_frame(frame, title="Frame"):
    """Helper function to display a video frame in Jupyter Notebook."""
    plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
    plt.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
    plt.title(title)
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.show()

def detect_abnormal_traffic(video_path):
    cap = cv2.VideoCapture(video_path)
    ret, prev_frame = cap.read()
    
    if not ret:
        print("Error: Could not read video.")
        return

    prev_gray = cv2.cvtColor(prev_frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

    frame_count = 0  # To limit the number of frames displayed for testing purposes

    while cap.isOpened() and frame_count < 10:  # Display only 10 frames for preview
        ret, frame = cap.read()
        if not ret:
            break

        # Convert the current frame to grayscale
        gray = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

        # Calculate the absolute difference between the current frame and the previous frame
        diff = cv2.absdiff(prev_gray, gray)
        
        # Threshold the difference to highlight areas of change
        _, thresh = cv2.threshold(diff, 25, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)

        # Display the frames
        display_frame(frame, title="Original Frame")
        display_frame(thresh, title="Thresholded Difference")

        # Update the previous frame
        prev_gray = gray

        # Increment frame count to limit the preview
        frame_count += 1

    cap.release()

# Example usage
video_path = "Downloads/traffic_video.mp4"  # Replace with your video file path
detect_abnormal_traffic(video_path)

# 14 . HUMAN ACTION RECOGNITION AND OBJECT LOCALIZATIONS

import cv2
import mediapipe as mp
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import os

# Initialize MediaPipe Pose model
mp_pose = mp.solutions.pose
pose = mp_pose.Pose()
mp_drawing = mp.solutions.drawing_utils

def display_image_with_pose(image_path):
    # Load the image
    image = cv2.imread(image_path)
    if image is None:
        print("Error: Could not load image. Check the file path.")
        return

    # Convert the image to RGB (MediaPipe expects RGB input)
    rgb_image = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)

    # Perform pose detection
    results = pose.process(rgb_image)

    # Draw pose landmarks on the original image
    if results.pose_landmarks:
        mp_drawing.draw_landmarks(image, results.pose_landmarks, mp_pose.POSE_CONNECTIONS)

    # Display the image with detected pose
    plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
    plt.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.title("Pose Estimation")
    plt.show()
    image_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(image_path))[0]
    print(f"The pose estimated is '{image_name}'")

# Example usage
image_path = "Pictures/running.png"  # Replace with the path to your image file
display_image_with_pose(image_path)

The pose estimated is 'running'

# 15 . identifying the road structure

import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def detect_road_structure(image_path):
    # Load the image in grayscale
    image = cv2.imread(image_path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)
    if image is None:
        print("Error: Could not load image.")
        return

    # Apply Gaussian Blur to reduce noise
    blurred = cv2.GaussianBlur(image, (5, 5), 0)

    # Edge detection using Canny
    edges = cv2.Canny(blurred, 50, 150)

    # Define a region of interest (ROI) polygon
    height, width = edges.shape
    mask = np.zeros_like(edges)
    polygon = np.array([[
        (0, height),
        (width, height),
        (width * 0.6, height * 0.6),
        (width * 0.4, height * 0.6)
    ]], np.int32)

    # Fill the ROI polygon with white and apply the mask
    cv2.fillPoly(mask, polygon, 255)
    road_structure = cv2.bitwise_and(edges, mask)

    # Display the result
    plt.imshow(road_structure)
    plt.title('Detected Road Structure')
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.show()

# Example usage
detect_road_structure("Pictures/road_img_2.png")
plt.imshow(cv2.imread("Pictures/road_img_2.png", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE))
plt.title('Original Image')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()